Recent discoveries concerning Chalcolithic metallurgy at Shiqmim, Israel

In this paper we discuss Chalcolithic (c4500-3500 BC) metal production in l ight of recent discoveries from the site of Shiqmim in the northern Negev d esert, Israel. Several new copper artifacts are presented, the precise func tion of which is uncertain. Following this, the evidence for copper product ion within the settlement is examined. In particular, the remains of metall urgical installations, a smelting installation distinct from crucibles, are reported. In addition, new data on the chemical composition of ores, slag, and metallic copper from most recent excavations are evaluated. Evidence f or copper production at Mezad Aluf, a small satellite hamlet of Shiqmim, is also presented. Finally, issues concerning the social context for village- based copper production are discussed.