Three bilateral feeder models have been developed in this paper. These
models are formed on the assumption that a complex feeder can be simp
lified into an equivalent representation by simulating either the feed
er line losses, the feeder voltage drop or both accurately. Bilateral
models allow calculations to be performed easily regardless of the dir
ection of power flow in the feeder. Furthermore, the power factor of e
ach individual load has been taken into account in the developing proc
ess. This implies less compromise and hence better accuracy. The propo
sed methods will be presented in detail later in this paper and their
accuracies compared using a sample feeder. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S
.A.