Genome and hormones: Gender differences in physiology - Invited review: Sex-based differences in gene expression

Certain diseases are more prevalent among women than men. The reasons for t his increased prevalence are unknown, but there could be a genetic basis. I ncreased expression of X-linked genes in females, protective effects of Y-l inked genes in males, or sex-limited gene expression that is developmentall y or hormonally regulated could all account for these differences. Analysis of individuals with and without genetic sex reversal provides a means for distinguishing between genetic and hormonal causes. This can be complemente d by genetic linkage and gene expression profiling to aid in the identifica tion of candidate genes.