Generalization of ionic partition diagrams to lipophilic compounds and to biphasic systems with variable phase volume ratios

The ionic partition diagram methodology has been generalized to address bot h hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds and to consider biphasic systems wit h variable phase volume ratios. With this generalized approach electrochemi cal measurements of ion transfer potentials afford the determination of the standard partition coefficients of all forms of ionizable molecules, inclu ding the neutral form, as well as the evaluation of the dissociation consta nt of monoprotic substances. An interesting consequence of this approach is the definition of an extraction pK(a,ext) which is the apparent pK(a) of n eutral acids and bases when dissolved in the organic phase.