The K+ selectivity filter catalyses the dehydration, transfer and rehydrati
on of a K+ ion in about ten nanoseconds. This physical process is central t
o the production of electrical signals in biology. Here we show how nearly
diffusion-limited rates are achieved, by analysing ion conduction and the c
orresponding crystallographic ion distribution in the selectivity filter of
the KcsA K+ channel. Measurements with K+ and its slightly larger analogue
, Rb+, lead us to conclude that the selectivity filter usually contains two
K+ ions separated by one water molecule. The two ions move in a concerted
fashion between two configurations, K+-water-K+-water (1,3 conrguration) an
d water-K+-water-K+ (2,4 conrguration), until a third ion enters, displacin
g the ion on the opposite side of the queue. For K+, the energy difference
between the 1,3 and 2,4 configurations is close to zero, the condition of m
aximum conduction rate. The energetic balance between these configurations
is a clear example of evolutionary optimization of protein function.