Diving after stapedectomy: Clinical experience and recommendations

OBJECTIVES: Much controversy exists concerning the risk of inner ear barotr auma after stapes surgery in scuba and sky divers. Uniform consensus has no t been established regarding poststapedectomy barorestrictions. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the prevalence of adverse auditory and/ or vestibular sequelae in patients after stapedectomy related to scuba and sky diving, and (2) to offer recommendations on barometric exposure after s tapes surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Survey questionnaires were mailed to 2222 patients who had un dergone stapedectomies at a single tertiary otologic referral center betwee n 1987 and 1998. Two hundred eight of the initial 917 respondents (22.7%) h ad snorkeled, scuba, or sky dived after stapes surgery, and 140 of these re sponded to a second questionnaire detailing dive protocols, otologic sympto ms, and their relationship to the diving activities. Of the 140, 28 had scu ba or sky dived. Their survey data were analyzed and their medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: Four of the 22 scuba divers (18.1%) experienced otologic symptoms at the time of diving. These included otalgia on descent (3/22; 13.6%), tin nitus (1/22; 4.5%), and transient vertigo on initial submersion (1/22; 4.5% ). One patient had sudden sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo develop 3 months after scuba diving, which he related to noise exposure. He was subse quently found to have a perilymph fistula, which was successfully repaired. Of the 9 patients who sky dived, 2 patients (22.2%) reported otologic symp toms during the dive. No significant diving-related long-term effects indic ative of labyrinthine injury were seen in any of the 28 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Stapedectomy does not appear to increase the risk of inner ear barotrauma in scuba and sky divers. These activities may be pursued with r elative safety after stapes surgery, provided adequate eustachian tube func tion has been established.