The aim of this review is to describe major approaches for stimulating bone
healing and to review other factors affecting bone healing. Spinal bone fu
sion after surgery is a demanding process requiring optimal conditions for
clinical success. Bone formation and healing can be enhanced through variou
s methods. Experimental studies have revealed an array of stimulative measu
res. These include biochemical stimulation by use of hormones and growth fa
ctors, physical stimulation through mechanical and electromagnetic measures
, and bone grafting by use of bone tissue or bone substitutes. Newer biolog
ical techniques such as stem cell transplantation and gene therapy can also
be used to stimulate bone healing. Apart from bone transplantation, clinic
al experience with the many stimulation modalities is limited. Possible are
as for clinical use of these novel methods are discussed.