An anatomy-based beam segmentation tool for intensity-modulated radiation therapy and its application to head-and-neck cancer

Purpose: In segmental intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the bea m fluences result from superposition of unmodulated beamlets (segments). In the inverse planning approach, segments are a result of "clipping" intensi ty maps. At Ghent University Hospital, segments are created by an anatomy-b ased segmentation tool (ABST). The objective of this report is to describe ABST. Methods and Materials: For each beam direction, ABST generates segments by a multistep procedure. During the initial steps, beam's eye view (BEV) proj ections of the planning target volumes (PTVs) and organs at risk (OARs) are generated. These projections are used to make a segmentation grid with neg ative values across the expanded OAR projections and positive values elsewh ere inside the expanded PTV projections. Outside these regions, grid values are set to zero. Subsequent steps transform the positive values of the seg mentation grid to increase with decreasing distance to the OAR projections and to increase with longer pathlengths measured along rays from their entr ance point through the skin contours to their respective grid point The fin al steps involve selection of iso-value lines of the segmentation grid as s egment outlines which are transformed to leaf and jaw positions of a multil eaf collimator (MLC). Segment shape approximations, if imposed by MLC const raints, are done in a way that minimizes overlap between the expanded OAR p rojections and the segment aperture. Results: The ABST procedure takes about 3 s/segment on a Compaq Alpha XP900 workstation. In IMRT planning problems with little complexity, such as lar yngeal (example shown) or thyroid cancer, plans that are in accordance with the clinical protocol can be generated by weighting the segments generated by ABST without further optimization of their shapes. For complex IMRT pla ns such as paranasal sinus cancer (not shown), ABST generates a start assem bly of segments from which the shapes and weights are further optimized. Conclusions: ABST is a fast procedure to generate a set of segments for IMR T planning. The plan is finalized by assigning weights to the segments or b y direct optimization of segment shapes and weights. ABST allows us to avoi d the step of translating optimized intensity maps to sequences of segments . (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.