Judgment of conceptual identity in monkeys

Baboons (Papio anubis) were tested on categorization tasks at two different conceptual levels. The monkeys showed their ability (1) to judge as identi cal or different the objects belonging to two categories, on a perceptual b asis, and (2) to perform a judgment of conceptual identity-that is, to use the same/different relation between two previously learned categories. This latter experiment represents the first demonstration of judgment of concep tual identity in a monkey species.