Case-control association studies use genetic markers as putative etiologic
risk factors. The approach is controversial and has tended to produce assoc
iations in neuropsychiatry that do not stand the test of time. We studied t
he processes that can bias the outcomes away from a true representation of
the relationship between a genetic marker and a neuropsychiatric disorder.
If conducted with care and mindfulness of the potential pitfalls, case-cont
rol association studies can be an important tool for psychiatric genetic re
search.