Structure of confined water

Water is essential for the stability and function of biological macromolecu les. In living systems, essential water-related phenomena occur in restrict ed geometry in cells, and at active sites of proteins and membranes or at t heir surface. In this paper, we present the more recent results on the stru cture of confined water as compared with that of bulk supercooled water. In particular, the combined effects of the hydration level and the temperatur e on the change of the structure of water are discussed in the light of pow erful techniques.