This paper investigates the automorphism groups of Cayley graphs of metacyc
lic p-groups. A characterization is given of the automorphism. groups of Ca
yley graphs of a metacyclic p-group for odd prime p. In particular, a compl
ete determination of the automorphism group of a connected Cayley graph wit
h valency less than 2p of a nonabelian metacyclic p-group is obtained as a
consequence. In subsequent work, the result of this paper has been applied
to solve several problems in graph theory.