The thesis that, in a system of natural deduction, the meaning of a lo
gical constant is given by some or all of its introduction and elimina
tion rules has been developed recently in the work of Dummett, Prawitz
, Tennant, and others, by the addition of harmony constraints. Introdu
ction and elimination rules for a logical constant must be in harmony.
By deploying harmony constraints, these authors have arrived at logic
s no stronger than intuitionist propositional logic. Classical logic,
they maintain, cannot be justified from this proof-theoretic perspecti
ve. This paper argues that, while classical logic can be formulated so
as to satisfy a number of harmony constraints, the meanings of the st
andard logical constants cannot all be given by their introduction and
/or elimination rules; negation, in particular, comes under close scru
tiny.