A module to calculate primary particulate matter emissions and abatement measures in Europe

Primary particulate matter is emitted directly into the atmosphere from var ious anthropogenic and natural sources such as power plants (combustion of fossil fuels) or forest fires. Secondary particles are formed by transforma tion of SO2, NOx, NH3, and VOC in the atmosphere. They both contribute to a mbient particulate matter concentrations, which may have adverse effects on human health, Health hazards are caused by small particulate size, high nu mber of especially fine (<2.5 <mu>m) and ultra-fine (<0.1 <mu>m) particles and/or their chemical composition. As part of an integrated assessment mode l developed at IIASA, a module on primary particulate matter (PM) emissions has been added to the existing SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC sections. The module considers so far primary emissions of total suspended particles (TSP), PM10 and PM2.5 from aggregated stationary and mobile sources. A primary PM emis sion database has been established. Country specific emission factors for s tationary sources have been calculated within the module using the ash cont ent of solid fuels.