Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at highhuman densities if management policy is favourable

In a recent analysis Woodroffe (2000) found a positive relationship between historical patterns of large carnivore extinction probability and human po pulation density. However, much of the data in this analysis came from a pe riod when carnivore extermination was a management objective. In order to e xplore the hypothesis that large carnivores can persist at high human densi ties when the management regime is more favourable we have repeated the ana lysis using up-to-date data from North America and Europe. In North America we found that large carnivore populations have increased after favourable legislation was introduced, despite further increases in human population d ensity. In Europe we found no clear relationship between present carnivore distribution and human population density. We therefore believe that the ex istence of effective wildlife management structures is more important than human density per se.