Cycloplegic refractions in healthy children aged 1 through 48 months

Objectives: To provide a description of refractive errors in healthy, term- born children, aged 1 through 48 months, and to test the hypotheses that sp herical equivalent becomes significantly less hyperopic and less variable w ith increasing age. Methods: Following a prospective, cross-sectional design, cycloplegic retin oscopy was used to measure the refractive error in both eyes of 514 healthy , term-born children in 12 age groups. Three hundred were aged 12 months or younger. Spherical equivalent and cylindrical power and axis were analyzed as a function of age. Prediction limits for spherical equivalent were calc ulated. Results: Spherical equivalents of right and left eyes did not differ at any age. Hyperopia declined significantly with increasing age. The variability in spherical equivalent also decreased significantly with age. Cylindrical error of 1 diopter or more was found in 25% of the children; the proportio n with astigmatism was highest in infancy and then waned. Myopia and anisom etropia were rare, occurring in 3% and 1% of the sample, respectively. Conclusions: Significant declines in hyperopia and variability of spherical equivalent appear to be features of emmetropization. The normal prediction limits provide guidelines against which data from individual patients can be compared.