NOZZLES - ON EXTERNAL LOADS AND INTERNAL-PRESSURE

Close comparison of local load stress calculation methods reveals cons iderable differences. To investigate we performed many finite element analyses of nozzles on cylinders concentrating not just on the shell s tresses but also on the stresses in the nozzel wall. Local load stress es were sometimes found to be much higher in the nozzle than in the sh ell. This led us to formulate a 'modified improved shrink ring method' and to devise multiplication (contour-) charts for deriving local loa d nozzle stresses from local load shell stresses. Being important for a proper nozzle assessment, pressure induced stresses were investigate d too. This resulted in non-dimensional parameter graphs to determine pressure induced stresses at nozzles. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.