Assessment of multiple marine ecological disturbances: Applying the North American prototype to the Baltic Sea ecosystem

Multiple marine ecological disturbances are ecosystem health indicators. An approach is described for systematically reconstructing spatial and tempor al marine disturbance regimes related to human morbidity, wildlife mortalit y, disease events and harmful algal blooms. The approach is based upon reco very of meta-data from a survey of published literature and consolidation o f geographic information layers from pre-existing sources. The examples pro vided are from the HEED (Health Ecological and Economic Dimensions) project conducted in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Eight general disturbance in dicator categories from HEED are suggested for assessing the health of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. These disturbance indicators represent 147 distinct i mpact types that may be used to examine relationships among impact causes, effects and costs from disturbances observed for near coastal and open wate rs. The HEED prototype is compatible with the objectives of the health modu le of the Baltic Sea's Large Marine Ecosystem initiative and consistent wit h implementation of the Baltic Sea Agenda 21 program. The general disturban ce research methodology may be applied to the Baltic Sea or any other multi jurisdiction marine region and these methods are not restricted to marine s ystems.