Parenting in context: Impact of neighborhood poverty, residential stability, public services, social networks, and danger on parental behaviors

This prospective longitudinal study examined the unique and combined effect s of neighborhood characteristics on parental behaviors in the context of m ore distal and more proximal influences. With a sample of 368 mothers from high-risk communities in 4 parts of the United States, this study examined relations between race (African American or European American), locality (u rban or rural), neighborhood characteristics, family context, and child pro blem behaviors, and parental warmth, appropriate and consistent discipline, and harsh interactions. Analyses testing increasingly proximal influences on parenting revealed that initial race differences in warmth and consisten t discipline disappeared when neighborhood influences were considered. Alth ough generally culture and context did not moderate other relations found b etween neighborhood characteristics, family context, and child behaviors, t he few interactions found highlight the complex influences on parenting.