Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries

Technological improvements in rechargeable solid-state batteries are being driven by an ever-increasing demand for portable electronic devices. Lithiu m-ion batteries are the systems of choice, offering high energy density, fl exible and lightweight design, and longer lifespan than comparable battery technologies. We present a brief historical review of the development of li thium-based rechargeable batteries, highlight ongoing research strategies, and discuss the challenges that remain regarding the synthesis, characteriz ation, electrochemical performance and safety of these systems.