Smoke gets in your eyes: smoking and visual impairment in New Zealand

Aim. To estimate the burden of visual impairment attributable to smoking in New Zealand. Methods. Review of Medline-indexed literature on the relationship between s moking and eye disease and use of relevant New Zealand morbidity and smokin g prevalence data. Results. The international literature indicates there is strong evidence th at smoking is a major cause of eye disease and blindness - particularly for cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Using the most relev ant international risk estimates, we estimated that 1335 people who are reg istered blind in New Zealand have AMD attributable to current and past smok ing (26.8% of all AMD cases in the 55 years plus age-group). It was also es timated that 31 of the registered cases of visual impairment due to catarac t and 396 hospitalisations for cataract surgery per year, are attributable to smoking. While subject to various methodological limitations, these esti mates are probably under-estimates of the true burden of eye disease attrib utable to smoking. Conclusions. Smoking is a major cause of untreatable visual impairment and also a significant reason for cataract surgery in New Zealand. There is a n eed for more intensive tobacco control activities in New Zealand.