Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory

Descriptive epidemiological studies are reviewed, showing that the female p reponderance in depression begins to emerge around age 13. A developmentall y sensitive, elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress model of depression is proposed to explain the "big fact" of the emergence of the gender difference in depression. The elaborated causal chain posits that n egative events contribute to initial elevations of general negative affect. Generic cognitive vulnerability factors then moderate the likelihood that the initial negative affect will progress to full-blown depression. Increas es in depression can lead transactionally to more self-generated dependent negative life events and thus begin the causal chain again. Evidence is rev iewed providing preliminary support for the model as an explanation for the development of the gender difference in depression during adolescence.