Productivity growth and sustainability in post-Green Revolution agriculture: The case of the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs

This article attempts to determine the long-term productivity and sustainab ility of irrigated agriculture in the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs by measur ing trends in total factor productivity for production systems in both stat es since the advent of the Green Revolution. These measurements over time a nd across systems have resulted in three major findings. First, there were wide spatial and temporal variations between the two Punjabs. Although outp ut growth and crop yields were much higher in the Indian Punjab, productivi ty growth was higher by only a small margin. Moreover, the lowest growth in productivity took place during the initial Green Revolution period (as opp osed to the later intensification and post-Green Revolution periods) and in the wheat-rice system in both states. The time lag between adoption of Gre en Revolution technologies and realization of productivity gains is related to learning-induced efficiency gains, better utilization of capital invest ments over time, and problems with the standard methods of productivity mea surement that downwardly bias estimates, particularly during the Green Revo lution period. Second, input growth accounted for most of the output growth in both Punjabs during the period under study. Third, intensification, esp ecially in the wheat-rice system, resulted in resource degradation in both Punjabs. Data from Pakistan show that resource degradation reduced overall productivity growth from technical change and from education and infrastruc ture investment by one-third. These findings imply the need for policies th at promote agricultural productivity and sustainability through public inve stments in education, roads, and research and extension; and that reduce re source degradation by decreasing or eliminating subsidies that encourage in tensification of inputs.