Emissions from fixed-roof storage tanks: Modeling and experiments

The two significant types of emissions from fixed-roof storage tanks are "s torage" and "working" losses. While the former arise from changes in enviro nmental parameters, the latter result from liquid level changes in the tank . Optimizing the storage policy requires the prediction of the influence of the main operating parameters on the overall emissions. The aim of this wo rk was to develop a mathematical model able to represent the main phenomena involved in such emissions and to validate it by comparison with both labo ratory-scale and real-size experimental data. Moreover, because semiempiric al relations are available to estimate monthly or annual emissions, a compa rison with these relations has been carried out both to further validate th e model and to discuss the range of reliability of such relations.