EMPIRICALLY VALIDATED TREATMENT, PSYCHOTHERAPY MANUALS, AND PSYCHOTHERAPY INTEGRATION

Empirically validated treatment represents a demonstration of efficacy based on clinical trials that provide clear evidence of satisfactory outcomes. However satisfactory outcomes in the laboratory do not alway s generalize to the field setting, so that effectiveness also must be demonstrated. The Template for Developing Guidelines provides an outli ne of the dual demands of efficacy and effectiveness. Psychotherapy ma nuals, the basis for efficacy studies, have strengths and weaknesses, and these are reviewed. Psychotherapy integration requires a flexibili ty that may be difficult to achieve for the clinician who is bound by a manual. The model of a local clinical scientist provides a respect f or evidence that is consistent with efficacy and a responsiveness to l ocal circumstances that is consistent with effectiveness.