Working memory and the control of action: Evidence from task switching

A series of 7 experiments used dual-task methodology to investigate the rol e of working memory in the operation of a simple action-control plan or pro gram involving regular switching between addition and subtraction. Lists re quiring switching were slower than blocked lists and showed 2 concurrent ta sk effects. Demanding executive tasks impaired performance on both blocked and switched lists, whereas articulatory suppression impaired principally t he switched condition. Implications for models of task switching and workin g memory and for the Vygotskian concept of verbal control of action are dis cussed.