Ethnic attitudes in relation to ethnic pride and ethnic differentiation

A comparison of 4 subsamples with the Ethnic Identity Scale (developed for the present study) yielded 2 relatively independent facets of ethnic identi ty: ethnic pride and belonging (EP) and ethnic differentiation (ED). First, the distinction between EP and ED increased understanding of how age and i mmigration status affect changes in ethnic identity. In a comparison of Est onians living in Sweden with those living in Estonia, only ED was affected by emigration and contacts with other ethnic groups, although both EP and E D were positively correlated with age. Second, the distinction between EP a nd ED increased understanding of earlier and seemingly contradictory findin gs about the connection between ethnic identity and ethnic attitudes. In th e present study, EP was not correlated with ethnic attitudes, but, for 2 ma jority groups, ED was positively correlated with negative evaluations of ou t-groups. The authors also discuss the role of group status and relationshi ps with the target nation in understanding the relationship between ethnic identity and ethnic attitudes.