Effect of elbow flexion on upper extremity impact forces during a fall

Objective. The overall objectives are to develop a biomechanical model for a simulated fall with outstretched hand. Design. Cross-sectional study involving young healthy volunteers in a unive rsity research laboratory setting. Background. Little is known about the factors which influence fracture risk during a fall on outstretched hand. Methods. A group of 11 male subjects volunteered for this investigation. A set of eight reflective markers was placed bilaterally on selected anatomic landmarks. Subjects were suspended with both elbows extended and wrists do rsiflexed, preparing to impact the ground and force plates from two differe nt fall heights: 3 and 6 cm. Two different postures for the elbows were emp loyed. In the elbow extension experiment, the elbows were extended at all t imes. In the elbow flexion experiment, the elbows were extended at impact, but then flexed immediately, as though in the initial downward phase of a p ush-up exercise. Result. Increasing the fall height significantly increased the upper extrem ity axial forces by 10% and 5%. No significantly different differences were found in the axial forces applied to the wrist, elbow or shoulder between the elbow flexion and elbow extension trials, but the elbow mediolateral sh ear force was 68% larger (P=0.002) in the extension trials. Conclusions. Performing an elbow flexion movement at impact reduces the fir st peak impact force value and postpones the maximum peak value. Although c hanging the fall arrest strategy from elbow extension to elbow flexion did not affect the peak impact force oil the hand, it did require substantially greater elbow and shoulder muscle strengths.