What are norms and why do we need valid ones?

Determining whether outcome scores are close to normative means is a commen dable way to assess clinical significance. However, to be valid, norms requ ire samples that are carefully chosen to be representative of relevant popu lations. The Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory norms used by Sheldrick et al. were not representative of relevant populations, thereby casting doubt on conclusions concerning the clinical significance of outcomes. In addition t o being used for categorical judgments of whether outcomes approximate a no rmative mean, valid norms are needed for deciding who needs treatment; for evaluating outcomes for problems too severe to approach the normative mean; for making diagnostic criteria more sensitive to age, gender, and other di fferences; and for evaluating aspects of functioning beside those targeted for treatment.