Major depression and drug disorders in adolescence: General and specific impairments in early adulthood

Objective: To identify adulthood impairments associated with major depressi on and drug disorders in adolescence. distinguishing between general impair ments for both disorders and specific impairments for each disorder. Method : Within a longitudinal community study (N = 365), the Diagnostic Interview Schedule provided 1-year diagnoses of major depression and drug abuse/depe ndence at age 18. At age 21, current functioning was assessed. Results: Ado lescents with either depression or drug disorders had substantial deficits in later functioning, with few impairments shared in common. General areas of impairment included lower global functioning, externalizing behavior pro blems, and suicidal behaviors. Difficulties specific to depression encompas sed multiple internalizing problems: interpersonal difficulties, decreased psychological well-being, career dissatisfaction, and active major depressi on at age 21. For males only, overall poor health was also a specific depre ssion outcome. Age 21 problems unique to drug disorders included lower like lihood of post-high school education, being fired, and active drug disorder s. Males, but not females, were also more likely to report antisocial behav iors in adulthood. Conclusions: Despite several significant commonalities, including suicide attempts, deficits associated with depression and drug di sorders were primarily specific, suggesting distinct trajectories. Results highlight the need for specific follow-up services to alleviate continuing problems associated with these disorders.