We studied neuroendocrine and hemodynamic responses to standing before and
after spaceflight in a 77-year-old male astronaut and compared them with th
ose of 20 younger astronauts. With standing, the older astronaut had greate
r maintenance of stroke volume and cardiac output, larger increases in plas
ma norepinephrine levels, but smaller increases in heart rate and periphera
l resistance than the younger astronauts, which is a pattern typical of the
geriatric population.