Owing to the breakdown of health systems, mass population displacements, an
d resettlement of vulnerable refugees in camps or locations prone to vector
breeding, malaria is often a major health problem during war and the after
math of war. During the initial acute phase of the emergency, before health
services become properly established, mortality rates may rise to alarming
levels. Establishing good case management and effective malaria prevention
are important priorities for international agencies responsible for emerge
ncy health services. The operational strategies and control methods used in
peacetime must be adapted to emergency conditions, and should be regularly
re-assessed as social, political and epidemiological conditions evolve. Du
ring the last decade, research on malaria in refugee camps on the Pakistan-
Afghanistan and Thailand-Burma borders has led to new methods and strategie
s for malaria prevention and case management, and these are now being taken
up by international health agencies. This experience has shown that integr
ation of research within control programmes is an efficient and dynamic mod
e of working that can lead to innovation and hopefully sustainable malaria
control. United Nations' humanitarian and non-governmental agencies can pla
y a significant part in resolving the outstanding research issues in malari
a control.