Indicators without a cause. Reflections on the development and use of indicators in health care from a public health perspective

Indicators have a long history in public health. Since the end of the 18th century information on the health of communities has been gathered on a hea lth system level and public health indicators have become more sophisticate d over the years. However, in many modern health care systems there is a se paration between public health and health services. This paper discusses th e need for integration and promotes a stronger public health orientation of health services. This has consequences for the nature of indicators on the health services level. The methodological problems of turning epidemiologi cal data into management information for health services are discussed. The key message is that the health of the community should be the ultimate cau se of all indicators.