Factors that affect protein adsorption on nanostructured titania films. A novel spectroelectrochemical application to sensing

Nanoporous, thick (8 mum) films of titania (TiO2) were prepared and used fo r the immobilization of proteins. A detailed study has been made into the f actors influencing protein adsorption on TiO2. Among these, we investigated pH, ionic strength of solution, protein surface charge, protein size, and immobilization time. Protein immobilization is found to be remarkably stabl e, attributed to secondary binding processes occurring after the initial im mobilization. We also investigated the electrochemical properties of these films using cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry and found that n ot only was direct reduction of the Fe-III-heme to Fe-II-heme of both cytoc hrome-c and hemoglobin possible but that all the protein in the film is ele ctroactive. We further demonstrate the use of a hemoglobin/TiO2 film as an aerobic sensor for nitric oxide. Optical sensing is demonstrated, with a li mit of detection of 1 muM.