Swallowing dysfunction in infants less than 1 year of age

Background. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs frequently in infants and children and is implicated as a trigger for reactive airways disease. While evaluating patients for GER by upper gastrointestinal studies (UGI), we fr equently noticed laryngeal penetration or tracheal aspiration in infants < 1 year of age. We conducted this prospective study to assess the incidence of swallowing dysfunction in infants with vomiting or respiratory symptoms. Methods. Between February 1994 and August 1997, 1,003 UGI in infants < 1 ye ar of age were performed by two experienced pediatric radiologists. Fluoros copy of swallowing using an appropriate image intensifier was observed as p art of the UGI in all patients. In addition to evaluating premature infants , former premature infants, and infants with underlying conditions such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), congenital heart disease (CHD), esophagea l atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula (EA), and neurologic disorders, we assessed swallowing in 472 full-term infants in the general population w ho had respiratory symptoms or suspected GER, but no other apparent abnorma lities. Swallowing was not assessed in patients with congenital bowel obstr uction. The presence of normal swallowing or swallowing dysfunction was rec orded immediately following the study. Chest radiographs obtained on the sa me day as the UGI were evaluated in the study. Forty-four videotaped modifi ed barium-swallow studies (MBSS) were obtained in 25 general-population inf ants and reviewed frame-by-frame to determine the length of time that bariu m could be visualized in the subglottic trachea. Results. The incidence of swallowing dysfunction is significant in prematur e and former premature infants, those with BPD, CHD, EA, various syndromes, and neurologic abnormality. In the general population of full-term infants referred for evaluation of vomiting or respiratory symptoms, 63 (13.4 % of 472) had swallowing dysfunction. Forty-four had tracheal aspiration (TA) a nd 19 had laryngeal penetration (LP). Gastroesophageal reflux was found in 79.5 % with TA and in 68.4% with LP. The MESS confirmed swallowing dysfunct ion in all patients shown to have vocal cord penetration or tracheal aspira tion by UGI. Conclusions. Careful evaluation of swallowing during an UGI can identify sw allowing dysfunction in fullterm infants who have respiratory problems, as well as in infants with an abnormality that predisposes the patient to aspi ration. Episodes of tracheal aspiration may be fleeting and overlooked if s wallowing is not assessed carefully. An MESS can confirm the observation of swallowing dysfunction found during an UGI and assist in planning appropri ate dietary therapy that minimizes the likelihood of tracheal aspiration du ring feeding.