Restoration of natural and semi-natural wetland systems in Central Europe:Progress and predictability of developments

After almost 40 years of experience in wetland restoration in Central Europ e in which vegetation changes have been monitored by means of permanent plo ts or vegetation maps, some light can be shed on the intrinsic dynamics of such ecosystems, showing the limits of restoration and constraints in its m anipulation. Sometimes such constraints in the restoration process can be i dentified, mostly being constraints in nutrient availability or in the wate r regime, but unexpected changes can also be the result of intrinsic specie s fluctuations or invasive species. Unexpected vegetation developments are sometimes undesired, can be very persistent and may indicate that environme ntal conditions are not suitable for target communities. Unexpected develop ments also illustrate the limits in restoration ecology. Very often the res toration process simply proceeds along successional pathways we did not ant icipate. Theories about such alternative pathways can be explored using pre diction models, such as cellular automata, which can handle the results of biomonitoring very efficiently. Biomonitoring during 40 years, however, has also shown that a certain amount of unpredictability has to be taken for g ranted, both in natural wetlands and in areas under restoration.