Routine evaluation of the cervical spine in head-injured patients with dynamic fluoroscopy: A reappraisal

Background: The mechanism for clearing the cervical spine in patients with altered mental status remains controversial, Recommendations have ranged fr om removal of the cervical collar after 24 hours in patients with normal ra diographs, to indefinite immobilization in a cervical collar, and recently cervical flexion-extension examinations using dynamic fluoroscopy, The purp ose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dynamic fluoro scopy flexion-extension examinations in identifying ligamentous cervical sp ine,injury and clearing the cervical spine in patients with altered mental status after trauma. Methods: Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score < 13 for greater than 48 hours after admission and normal cervical spine radiographs were candidates for fluoroscopic evaluation. The protocol required visualization of the en tire cervical spine, through T1, through full extension and flexion under t he direct supervision of a radiologist. Oblique fluoroscopic views were obt ained, as necessary, to visualize the cervicothoracic junction. Demographic data, fluoroscopy time, total time per study, true and false positives and negatives. and complications were recorded. Results: From July 1992 through December 1999, fluoroscopic examinations we re performed on 301 patients. There were 297 true-negative examinations, 2 true-positive examinations (stable injuries), 1 false-negative examination, and I false-positive examination, The incidence of ligamentous injury iden tified by fluoroscopy in this study was 2 of 301 (0.7%). Unstable cervical spine ligamentous injuries were identified in only 0.02% of all trauma pati ents, One patient developed quadriplegia when fluoroscopic evaluation was p erformed after two protocol violations, Conclusion: Unstable cervical spine Ligamentous injury without fracture is a rare occurrence. The cervical spine may be cleared after a normal cervica l spine series (plain radiograph and computed tomographic scan) as recommen ded in the 1998 Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma guidelines, I f dynamic fluoroscopy is to be used, adherence to the protocol, including r eview of the cervical spine radiographs before fluoroscopy and visualizatio n of the entire cervical spine, C1-T1, is mandatory to ensure:patient safet y.