Jails, prisons, and the health of urban populations: A review of the impact of the correctional system on community health

This review examined the interactions between the correctional system and t he health of urban populations, Cities have more poor people, more people o f color, and higher crime rates than suburban and rural areas; thus, urban populations are overrepresented in the nation's jails and prisons. As a res ult, US incarceration policies and Programs have a disproportionate impact on urban communities, especially black and Latino ones. Health conditions t hat are overrepresented in incarcerated populations include substance abuse , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other infectious diseases, perpetr ation and victimization by violence, mental illness, chronic disease, and r eproductive health problems. Correctional systems have direct and indirect effects on health. Indirectly, they influence family structure, economic op portunities, political participation, and normative community values on sex , drugs, and violence. Current correctional policies also divert resources from other social needs. Correctional systems can have a direct effect on t he health of urban populations by offering health care and health promotion in jails and prisons, by linking inmates to community services after relea se, and by assisting in the process of community reintegration. Specific re commendations for action and research to reduce the adverse health and soci al consequences of current incarceration policies are offered.