Models of cardiac ventricular action potentials: iterative interaction between experiment and simulation

Tile development of cardiac ventricular cell models since 1960 is reviewed with the focus on the interaction between simulation and experimental work. At each stage, the reasons for new models are explained; as are their defe cts and how these were used to point the way to successor models. A key fea ture of our analysis is the demonstration that as much, if not more, was le arnt from the way in which models failed as from their successes. The revie w leads up to the most recent developments in this field and indicates the ways in which it may be expected to advance in the future.