Ma. Ottinger et al., Steroid hormones during embryonic development in Japanese quail: Plasma, gonadal, and adrenal levels, POULTRY SCI, 80(6), 2001, pp. 795-799
The purpose of this experiment was to measure plasma, gonad, and adrenal st
eroid hormones during embryonic and early posthatch development in Japanese
quail. Blood plasma samples were collected from male and female Japanese q
uail embryos at 2-d intervals between Day 10 of incubation and Day 5 postha
tch. Gonads and adrenal glands were collected from a separate set of embryo
s at the same ages. Concentrations of androgen (testosterone and 5 alpha -d
ihydrotestosterone) and 17 beta -estradiol (E-2) were determined by RIA. Pl
asma androgen changed significantly (P < 0.001) with age in males and femal
es, and there were significant differences (P < 0.001) between sexes in the
hormonal patterns. Males had higher plasma androgen than females; converse
ly, females consistently had overall higher levels of estradiol than males.
Adrenal gland steroid content remained relatively high and did not change
significantly with age. In contrast, steroid content of gonads followed pat
terns similar to those observed for plasma levels. These results provide ev
idence for steroid hormone production by the gonads of both sexes, as well
as for distinct differences in the patterns observed in the adrenal gland a
nd gonads. These results provide evidence for gonadal regulation of changes
in circulating hormone levels. Further, these hormonal patterns were assoc
iated with the timing of steroid-induced sexual differentiation in the Japa
nese quail, suggesting that plasma gonadal steroids are critical in sexual
differentiation.