Nonequilibrium in the transport of heat and reactants in combustion in porous media

Combustion in inert, catalytic and combustible porous media occurs under th e influence of a large range of geometric length scales, thermophysical and thermochemical properties, and flow, heat and mass transfer conditions. As a result, a large range of phenomenological length and time scales control the extent of departure from local thermal and chemical nonequilibrium. Th e use of intraphase and interphase nonequilibria have allowed for the desig n of new combustion processes and systems, such as, catalytic reactors and converters, porous radiant burners, direct energy and gas conversion device s and systems, chemical sensors, and material synthesis processes. Improvem ent of current and design of yet newer and more innovative systems requires further investigations into the gas-phase and surface chemistry, solid-sta te and condensed-phase physics, transport in disordered structures, and mat hematical and numerical methods. Here we summarize the processes leading to thermal and chemical nonequilibrium, their role in the combustion in porou s media, their innovative uses and effects on applications, the current mod eling of these processes and the modeling techniques that may allow for fur ther improvements and developments. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. Ah right s reserved.