The method of joint probability distribution functions applied to MAD techniques. The centric case

Traditional probabilistic approaches consider MAD (multiple-wavelength anom alous-dispersion) data as a special MIR (multiple isomorphous replacement) case. The rigorous method of the joint probability distribution functions h as been applied to solve the phase problem, with the assumption that the an omalous scatterers' substructure is a priori known. The probabilistic appro ach is able to handle measurement errors: it has been applied to symmetry-r estricted phases and provides simple and efficient formulas.