Does service affect citizenship?

The idea of citizen service has been given increasing attention as a remedy for problems of civic disengagement. This study reviews 37 empirical studi es about the relationship between service and citizenship. A formal model o f change is used to guide the review. Six types of citizenship outcomes are discussed: citizenship-related cognitive understanding citizenship, attitu des, citizenship skills, institutional change, phi[anthropic and civic beha viors, and politics cal behavior. Based on the review: several conclusions are drawn about what is known about the service-citizenship relationship.