Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were originally thought to only be released b
y phagocytic cells during their role in host defence. It is now clear that
ROS have a cell signalling role in many biological systems, both in animals
and in plants. ROS induce programmed cell death or necrosis, induce or sup
press the expression of many genes, and activate cell signalling cascades,
such as those involving mitogen-activated protein kinases.