The erosion of citizenship

The Marshallian paradigm of social citizenship has been eroded because the social and economic conditions that supported postwar British welfare conse nsus have been transformed by economic and technological change. This artic le argues that effective entitlement was based on participation in work, wa r and reproduction, resulting in three types of social identity: worker-cit izens, warrior-citizens and parent-citizens. The casualization of labour an d the technological development of war have eroded work and war as routes t o active citizenship. Social participation through reproduction remains imp ortant, despite massive changes to marriage and family as institutions. In fact the growth of new reproductive technologies have reinforced the normat ive dominance of marriage as a social relation. These rights of reproductio n are described as 'reproductive citizenship'. The article also considers t he role of voluntary associations in Third-Way strategies as sources of soc ial cohesion in societies where social capital is in decline, and argues th at the voluntary sector is increasingly driven by an economic logic of accu mulation. With the erosion of national citizenship, Marshall's three forms of rights (legal, political and social) have been augmented by rights that are global, namely environmental, aboriginal and cultural rights. These are driven by global concerns about the relationship between environment, comm unity and body such that the quest for social security has been replaced by concerns for ontological security.