Raptor emergency and critical care: Therapy and techniques

initial assessment, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, placement of in followin g traosseous and intravenous catheters and air sac tubes, and figure-of-eig ht bandaging may help clinicians stabilize critical raptor patients. Fluid therapy, including crystalloids, colloids, and blood products, is indicated in critical avian patients. Estimation of dehydration is challenging but n ecessary to calculate fluid need. Consideration of route, rate, and type of fluid as well as continued patient hydration status assessment are necessa ry for successful fluid therapy. In addition to fluid therapy, corticostero ids, analgesics, and antibiotics commonly found in veterinary practices are required for raptor critical care. Potential drug therapies and descriptio ns of emergency techniques in raptors are provided.