Background: Increasing concern about the transmission of viral disease has
generated greater interest in the use of salvaged blood as a means of allev
iating the demand for homologous blood and expediting resuscitation during
massive hemorrhage. Autologous blood processed by autotransfusion devices h
as become increasingly common in major surgery and is now largely viewed as
safe and efficacious. However, there may be serious complications and sequ
elae associated with the use of processed blood, such as adult respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS) and renal failure. Complement cascade activation r
esulting from blood coming into contact with autotransfusion equipment lead
s to enrollment of leukocytes and release of large concentrations of cytoki
nes, which may contribute to the development of organ failure. Our study ev
aluated cytokine release during cell saver (CS) blood salvage in the course
of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.
Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients randomly selected for CABG were
evaluated. All had received at least one unit of autotransfused blood by me
ans of the Haemonetics Cell Saver(R) System 5 (Haemonetics Corp., Braintree
, MA). Each patient had four blood samples taken (pre-operative, CS contain
er, autotransfusion from the blood bag, and one hour post-transfusion). The
se samples were then centrifuged and the sera were collected. An enzyme lin
ked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, using the Biosource Cytoscreen solid
phase "sandwich" ELISA kit (Biosource International, Camarillo, CA) was con
ducted to determine levels of the cytokines Interleukin (IL) 1, 2, 4, 6, 8,
and 10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM
), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM).
Results: Significantly increased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cyt
okines IL-1, 2, 4, 6, and 8, TNF, ICAM, and VCAM were noted throughout all
time periods studied. The same effect was observed for the anti-inflammator
y cytokine IL-10.
Conclusion: Statistically significant increases in both the circulating lev
els of the pro-inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines studied were rec
orded. It is our contention that the presence of IL-10, a down-regulator of
inflammation, is responsible for attenuating the possible deleterious effe
cts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines observed. However, morbidity and mort
ality, as well as the future patency of the bypass grafts, have not been co
rrelated with the use of the autologous method of transfusion.