Tree species for recovering nitrogen front dairy-farm effluent in New Zealand

Land treatment of dairy-farm effluent is being widely adopted as an alterna tive to disposal into surface waters in New Zealand, This study investigate d water balances and associated N leaching from short-rotation forest (SRF) species irrigated with dairy-farm effluent. Single trees were grown in lys imeters filled with Manawatu fine sandy loam (mixed mesic Dystric Eutrochre pt). Dairy-farm effluent was applied during two irrigation periods at 21.5 mm wk(-1) with a total loading equivalent to 870 kg N ha(-1) occurring over 17 mo. Following tree harvest in April 1997, measurements continued until August 1997 to monitor tree reestablishment. Cumulative N leached did not d iffer between lysimeters in which evergreen Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus sal igna Sm.) and shining gum [Eucalyptus nitens (H. Deane & Maiden) Maiden] an d deciduous kinu-yanagi (Salix kinuyanagi Kimura) were grown. Leachate N co ncentrations of all treatments were on average higher than the New Zealand drinking water standard of 11.3 mg N L-1. The E. nitens and S. kinuyanagi t reatments leached 33 and 35 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) in 1996 following applicatio n of 236 kg N ha(-1) during the first irrigation season. Leaf area was stro ngly correlated to evapotranspiration, drainage volume, and nitrogen leache d. The majority of leaching in the tree treatments occurred after harvest. Reducing the leaching in the regrowth phase may be achieved through timing harvest in the spring when growth rates are higher and leaching potential i s lower. Based on N uptake rates observed in this study and average pond di scharge, a plantation of 5.4 ha would be required for N recovery on a typic al dairy farm in New Zealand.