The effects of pyridostigmine bromide, permethrin and DEET alone, or in combination, on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval behavior in male and female rats

Concurrent exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (PB), permethrin (PERM) and/o r N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) may have contributed to the development of a syndrome that appears to have afflicted military personnel who served du ring the Gulf War. The present experiment sought to evaluate the behavioral effects of these compounds alone, or in various combinations, in male and female rats. Subjects were exposed to a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) 50, fixed -interval (FI) 2-min schedule of reinforcement. PB dose-dependently decreas ed FR and FI response rates. FR responding was disrupted by lower doses and there were no differences between the sexes. PERM vehicle administration d ecreased response rates maintained by both schedules of reinforcement; this was offset by an increase in response rate after the administration of the intermediate dose of PERM. The highest dose of PERM decreased both FR and FI response rates. FR rates in male rats were more disrupted than those in female rats. Only the highest dose of DEET decreased FR and FI response rat es in male and female rats. FR rates were more disrupted in female rats tha n in male rats. Synergistic effects were only observed when FI response rat es decreased in male rats upon exposure to half the low dose of PB with hal f the low dose of PERM or half the low dose of PB with half the low dose of DEET. The results of this experiment thus show that small doses of PB, PER M and DEET disrupt well-established, schedule-controlled behavior in male a nd female rats in a schedule- and gender-dependent manner; schedule-depende nt and gender-dependent synergistic effects were also observed. The mechani sm by which the compounds exert these behavioral effects remains to be dete rmined. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.