Boys starting school disadvantaged: Implications from teachers' ratings ofbehaviour and achievement in the first two years

Background. Consistent evidence indicates that low socio-economic status (S ES) acts as an important stressor and vulnerability factor for children's s chool learning, However, specific mechanism(s) of this process are still no t well understood. Aim. This study was a follow-up of the classroom learning behaviour and per ceived achievement of low and middle income children after two years at sch ool, who had previously been rated soon after starting school. It examined whether teachers' ratings displayed predictive stability over that period, and whether significant differences evident at age 5 in SES and gender were still operative at age 7. Sample, Two samples, of low income (N = 85) and middle income (N = 63) chil dren, were rated following school entry (mean age 5 years 3 months) and rat ed again after two years at school. Method. The children were rated at both points by their regular classroom t eachers using the Learning Behaviours Scale (Stott et al., 1998) with subsc ales of Distractible, Apprehensive and Uncooperative, together with ratings of academic achievement and their personal perception of each child. Results. SES was found to be a very limited predictor for the learning beha viour subscale ratings and for teachers' personal perceptions at both ages 5 and 7. SES did significantly predict expected Academic Achievement at age 5, but this effect disappeared completely by age 7. Conversely, within the two defined groups, Low Income boys were found to display significantly po orer learning behaviours at age 5, especially in terms of distractible beha viour, compared with Middle Income boys and with girls generally. This patt ern was maintained over the next two years of their schooling. The effect o f SES was thus demonstrated more powerfully in between-group differences th an by means of regression. The findings emphasised the persistence of teach ers' initial negative impressions about distractible 'hard to manage' boys from low SES families. Conclusion. The outcomes of this study suggest that low SES boys commenced school significantly disadvantaged by a pattern of perceived distractible b ehaviour in particular, and that this perception continued to operate over the next two years of their schooling. Such a pattern implied that these bo ys were perceived by their teachers, from early in their school careers, as being demanding and difficult to teach. Once teachers gave certain boys a label it appeared to 'stick'. SES per se was thus not the main risk factor. It was primarily the effect of boys' greater activity level, distractibili ty, and initial inability to 'settle' to classroom routines, which seemed t o be particularly associated with certain lower SES child-rearing practices . These bt behaviours had a serious negative impact on the children's teach ers and the way they responded to them.